Behaviour What it means What happens to the other person’s suffering? Example Ordinary cruelty Deliberately causing pain, humiliation or distress, or showing a serious disregard for another person’s suffering The suffering is known but disregarded Knowing someone is already distressed and deliberately saying something designed to hurt or humiliate them Bullying Repeated behaviour intended to intimidate,… Read More The important difference
Concept What it means Relationship to another person’s suffering Cruelty Deliberately causing or allowing suffering, pain, humiliation or distress The suffering is knowingly inflicted or disregarded Sadism Deriving gratification, pleasure or satisfaction from another person’s suffering or humiliation The suffering itself can become rewarding Moral disengagement Psychological processes that allow someone to harm or exploit… Read More Cruelty, sadism and moral disengagement are not the same thing
Understanding How Control Progresses Into Danger
Coercive control rarely begins with overt violence. It follows predictable psychological and behavioural stages, escalating gradually as dominance increases and resistance threatens the controller’s power.… Read More Recognising Coercive Control: From Subtle Control to Lethal Risk
Child sexual abuse is often imagined as being committed by a recognisable type of person: someone obviously disturbed, socially isolated, aggressive or visibly predatory. Research tells us something considerably more complicated. There is no single psychological profile, personality disorder or psychiatric diagnosis that identifies a child sexual abuser. People who sexually abuse children are a heterogeneous… Read More The Psychology of Child Sexual Abusers: What Research Actually Tells Us
1. Fixated / preferential offenders These individuals have a persistent sexual interest in children or adolescents. Their behaviour may involve grooming, developing relationships with children, seeking situations that provide access, or repeatedly offending. The classic Groth, Longo & McFadin typology distinguished offenders partly by their underlying motivation and relationship to children. Later research has criticised simple typologies… Read More Major research-based typologies
Trait/disorder What is seen in some offenders Antisocial traits / ASPD More common among some sexual offenders, particularly those with broader criminal and aggressive behaviour Narcissistic traits Entitlement, need for admiration, lack of empathy and exploitation can occur, but narcissism alone does not predict child sexual abuse Psychopathic traits Particularly relevant to offenders who are manipulative, callous,… Read More What is seen in some offenders
it’s worth explaining that VioGén is far more than a police database. It is one of the world’s most comprehensive multi-agency risk assessment and victim protection systems, designed to ensure that victims do not “fall through the cracks” as they move through the criminal justice system. How VioGén Works When an incident of gender-based violence is reported—whether… Read More How VioGén Works
Country Disclosure Scheme Public Statistics Available England & Wales ✅ Clare’s Law (2014) Yes – annual national statistics published. Scotland ✅ Disclosure Scheme for Domestic Abuse Scotland (2015) Yes – Police Scotland publishes application and disclosure figures. Northern Ireland ✅ Domestic Violence and Abuse Disclosure Scheme (2018) Limited public statistics. Republic of Ireland ❌ No… Read More Within Europe, the position is:
Here’s a comparison of the main domestic violence disclosure schemes currently operating internationally. Because each country records data differently, direct comparisons should be interpreted with caution. Country Scheme Latest Available Statistics England & Wales Clare’s Law (Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme) 2023–24: 19,934 Right to Know applications (9,057 disclosures – 45%); 38,678 Right to Ask applications (15,448 disclosures… Read More Understanding Domestic Violence Disclosure Statistics by Country
One of the greatest fears many survivors have is what happens when a restraining order expires. Does the protection end? The answer is not necessarily. In Spain, the expiry of a restraining order does not automatically mean that all protection comes to an end. Where the authorities assess that a victim remains at risk, protective measures… Read More When a Restraining Order Ends: Protection Can Continue
