The notion that any child forced or coerced to commit a crime is a victim of criminal exploitation is firmly established. However, when discussing individuals over the age of 18, the situation becomes more nuanced. Legally, an individual is considered an adult at 18, but this does not mean they are immune to coercion or exploitation. Here’s a closer look at the dynamics and implications:

Understanding Criminal Exploitation of Adults

1. Legal Definition and Boundaries: While those under 18 are legally defined as children and thus automatically deemed vulnerable, adults can also be victims of exploitation, although the legal protections and societal perceptions may differ. Adults are typically seen as having greater agency, but this does not preclude them from being coerced or manipulated.
2. Vulnerability Factors: Factors such as socio-economic status, mental health, addiction, homelessness, or previous abuse can make adults, especially young adults, highly vulnerable to exploitation. Gangs and traffickers often target individuals with these vulnerabilities.
3. Manipulation and Coercion: Similar to the exploitation of minors, traffickers use manipulation, threats, and violence to control adults. This can include physical threats, emotional manipulation, or exploiting dependencies such as addiction.

The Psychological and Emotional Impact on Young Adults

1. Continuing Trauma: For those who were coerced as minors, turning 18 doesn’t magically erase the trauma or its effects. The manipulation and abuse often continue, and the psychological scars persist, sometimes deepening as the individual grapples with the responsibilities and expectations of adulthood.
2. Dependence and Control: Exploiters often foster a sense of dependence, making the young adult feel they have no other options. This can involve financial control, threats against family members, or other forms of psychological control.

Legal and Social Responses

1. Protective Legislation: Many countries have laws against human trafficking and exploitation that apply regardless of age. These laws recognize that adults can also be victims of coercion and manipulation. However, the application and enforcement of these laws can be inconsistent.
2. Support Services: Support services for exploited adults can include counseling, housing, addiction treatment, and job training. Organizations working with trafficked individuals often have specialized programs for young adults who have aged out of child protection services but still need significant support.
3. Law Enforcement: Police and judicial systems are increasingly recognizing the need to treat young adults coerced into criminal activities as victims rather than perpetrators. This shift requires extensive training and awareness-raising within these institutions.

Challenges and Recommendations

1. Societal Perceptions: One of the biggest challenges is societal perception. Adults are often seen as fully responsible for their actions, and there is less understanding or sympathy for those coerced into criminal activities. Changing this narrative is crucial.
2. Integrated Support Systems: Creating integrated support systems that don’t abruptly end at 18 is vital. This includes smooth transitions from child to adult services and ongoing support that acknowledges the continued vulnerability of young adults.
3. Preventive Measures: Prevention strategies must also target young adults. This includes educational programs that build resilience, community support initiatives, and proactive outreach to at-risk populations.

Conclusion

Criminal exploitation doesn’t stop at the age of 18, and recognizing this is essential for providing appropriate support and protection. Young adults who are coerced into criminal activities remain victims of exploitation and require comprehensive legal, social, and psychological support. By shifting societal perceptions and ensuring that support systems are inclusive and continuous, we can better address the needs of these individuals and help them break free from cycles of exploitation.